largest immigrant groups by state
As one might expect, the composition of respondents social networks varies by their birthplace. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. But religion only narrowly edges out the role of Indias political leadership (56 percent) for the top spot, and political parties (47 percent) are not far behind. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. However, their political views in the latter might also be influenced by politics in their country of origin. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. Caste has long been a sensitive and controversial issue in discussions about the Indian American community. May 3, 2016. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 Dallas Express. Whereas 53 percent of foreign-born Hindu Indian Americans affiliate with a caste group, 34 percent of U.S.-born Hindu Indian Americans do the same. We are grateful to Ashley Grosse, Alexander Marsolais, and their colleagues at YouGov for their help with the design and execution of the survey. In the last few years, there has been much greater recognition of the discrimination faced by minority groups in the United States. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. Send a Message. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? 13Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India? Seventy percent state that they strongly or somewhat agree with the statement. While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. 3 Immigration Commission, U.S. Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission 349 (1911) cited in Sherally Munshi, Immigration, Imperialism, and the Legacies of Indian Exclusion, Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 28, no. Just 24 percent of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years identify as Indian American, compared to 41 percent of those who have been here for eleven to twenty-five years and 53 percent of those who have been here for more than twenty-five years. 47 Andrew Daniller, Majorities of Americans See At Least Some Discrimination Against Black, Hispanic and Asian People in the U.S., Pew Research Center, March 18, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/. Douglas Farrar, Cliff Djajapranata, Fiona Garguilo, Jessica Katz, Laura Lucas Magnuson, Lori Merritt, Tim Martin, Jocelyn Soly, and Cameron Zotter contributed design, editorial, and production assistance. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. See More by this Creator. Muslims report the greatest degree of religious discrimination by far (39 percent), followed by Hindus (18 percent), Christians (15 percent), and believers of other faiths (9 percent). To measure interreligious social distance, the survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends that are Hindu or Muslim. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. 1 (2015): 51104. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. First, Hindus are more likely to report that most or all of their Indian friends are also Hindus, underscoring a greater degree of religious homogeneity in their social networks. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. Hindus, in turn, are much more likely than Christians or Muslims to state that religion is somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important in their lives. Finally, Christians are more likely to self-identify as American without any hyphenation (9 percent versus 6 percent for Muslim and 4 percent for Hindus). He is the author of When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics and hosts a weekly Carnegie podcast on Indian politics and policy, Grand Tamasha. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program and the host of the Grand Tamasha podcast at Carnegie, where he focuses on India's political economy, governance, state capacity, distributive politics, and electoral behavior. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). However, there is marked variation by place of birth. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. These are some questions this paper attempts to address. A narrow majority52 percentof respondents believe that people in the United States discriminate more against all of the other minority groups listed than they do against Indian Americans. 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. If the rate of population growth and influx of new immigrants from the region continues in the next couple of years, Asians will be the largest immigrant group by 2055 according to the Center. We welcome and appreciate comments onThe Dallas Express as part of a healthy dialogue. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. Comments. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. However, the results point in the opposite direction. He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. Hover over a state to get the total foreign-born population and double click on a state to get top county estimates. The Dallas Express is a non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. These findings raise two questions worthy of further exploration: Why does political polarization among Indian Americans differ from that characterizing Americans at large? In eight states, Canadian immigrants made up the second-largest group, and in four states, the second-most common country of origin was the Philippines. (2022) By tidal93341. However, when compared to their foreign-born counterparts, U.S.-born Indian Americans are four times as likely to report having a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin but born in the United States (31 percent versus 8 percent). Twenty-seven percent are H-1B visa holders, a visa status for high-skilled or specialty workers in the United States that has historically been dominated by the technology sector. Christians, whose views are represented in the bottom two horizontal bars of figure 22, hold roughly similar attitudes toward both Hindus and Muslims. 6 Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2015-January 2018, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf. Given that there are many more Indian Americans who are Hindu in the IAAS sampleand the fact that nearly half of Christians and Muslims report that all or most of their friends share their religionthis means that both Christians and Muslims have substantially more religious homophily, relative to Hindus. Respondents who support neither the BJP nor the Congresslisted as Otherappear more favorably inclined toward the Congress. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. And despite the overall professional, educational, and financial success many Indian Americans enjoy, this has not inoculated them from the forces of discrimination, polarization, and contestation over questions of belonging and identity. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? Nationally, 38 percent (7 million) of children of immigrants in 2017 had a primary parent a from Mexico, 19 percent (3.5 million) from the rest of Central America and South America, and 43 percent (8 million) from other parts of the world. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Therefore, the sample size from which these percentages is derived is smalljust one-half of the overall IAAS sample. Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Fifty percent of respondents who have been in the United States for ten years or less say that being Indian is very important to their identity, compared to 42 percent for those who have been in the United States for more than twenty-five years. U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. Foreign-born population by . . Seventeen percent of U.S.-born citizens report attending a public meeting, while 12 percent of foreign-born citizens and 6 percent of non-citizens report doing so. . Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years. Texas, Washington, New York and California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018. It focuses on three issues: membership in Indian American organizations, divisions within the Indian American community (and the drivers of those divisions), and the role the Indian American community plays in U.S.-India relations. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. One-quarter of all respondents self-identify as Indian while 7 percent choose the term Asian Indian.. 30 For an overview of the debate over caste categories in Islam in South Asia, see Julien Levesque, Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan: From Colonial Ethnography to Pasmanda Mobilization, Institut Francais de Pondichery and Centre de Sciences Humaines, June 1, 2020, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Russias Growing Footprint in Africas Sahel Region, The Method Behind Putins New START Madness, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019, https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov, https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. 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