negligence tort law definitionmhairi black partner

For example, Mary hires an attorney to file a personal injury lawsuit after she was involved in a car accident. Glad you asked. Causation in negligence can be hard to determine because every negligence case is subjective. Breach: The duty of care is breached when the defendant fails to exercise reasonable care. If you fail to establish the four elements of negligence, you will not be successful in securing compensation for your injuries. Browse USLegal Forms largest database of85k state and industry-specific legal forms. At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. In 2018, 11 years after the child's death, the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that a genetic testing lab could be classified as a healthcare provider under state law. Disclosure of wrongdoing. While seemingly straightforward, the concept of negligence itself can also be broken down into four types of negligence: gross negligence, comparative negligence, contributory negligence, and vicarious negligence or vicarious liability. And it is the law that protects and compensates people who are injured by unsafe or defective products. Rather, their liability stems from careless or thoughtless conduct or a failure to act when a reasonable person would have acted. If a burglar jumped the fence at night and fell into the hole, the homeowner would not be held liable for his injuries, as he has no duty to protect this criminal from harm in the commission of his crime. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Negligence is the most common reason for tort. It can be an act or omission that is not compatible with the standard of care exercised by an ordinary prudent person. In either case, trespass means using the property without permission of the owner. (Note: sometimes a tort case also involves injunctive relief, which means an order from the court directing the wrongdoer to stop whatever he or she is doing). Negligent torts occur when the defendant's actions were unreasonably unsafe. negligentia) [1] is a failure to exercise appropriate and/or ethical ruled care expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances. In certain cases, courts will award punitive damages in addition to compensatory damages to deter further misconduct. What Are Legal Remedies for Tort Liability? A tort is a civil wrong. Tort law is also distinctfrom contract law. slight diligence; 2. That same requirement doesn't exist for civil negligence. If she does the right operation, in the right way, on the right patient, with the patients permission, she can deliberately injure the patient like amputate a limb but the injury is not wrongful.). Incorrect medication prescriptions or administration of drugs is one of the most common cases of medical negligence reported. In tort law, negligence is defined as an inability of a person to take sufficient care of their legal duty towards another personcausing damage or loss to the latter. An example of an intentional tort is the ruling between the website Gawker and pro wrestler Hulk Hogan on March 18, 2016. A tortfeasor is a person or entity who is found to be responsible under civil law for an injury caused to another person or entity. According to the Court Statistics Project, approximately 11.7 million civil lawsuits were filed in state trial courts in the United States in 2020, and advocates of tort reform claim that far too many of these are based on flimsy grounds, or are filed to intimidate or influence outcomes. Definition. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The wrongdoer, pays money to fairly compensate the injured plaintiff. Negligence claims must prove four things in court: duty, breach, causation, and damages/harm. ", Court Statistics Project. False Imprisonment: The unlawful restraint of a person against her will by someone without legal authority or justification. The Forbes Advisor editorial team is independent and objective. This is because proximate cause is so flexible that it can be manipulated by either side to their advantage. The behavior usually consists of actions, but can also consist of omissions when there is some duty to act (e.g.,a duty to help victims of one's previous conduct). The behavior usually consists of actions, but can also consist of omissions when there is some duty to act (e.g., a duty to help victims of one's previous conduct). Negligence is a broad and long-recognized cause of action under which an aggrieved party the plaintiff may recover damages if he can prove that (1) the defendant owed him a duty of care, (2) the defendant breached that duty by failing to act in a reasonable, careful manner, (3) the defendant's violation of his duty Generally, one of the most crucial factors in a tort of negligence claim will be causation. In the vast majority of tort cases, the court will award compensatory damages to an injured partythat hassuccessfully proven his or her case.10 Compensatory damages are typically equal to themonetary value ofthe injured party's loss of earnings, loss of future earningcapacity, pain and suffering, and reasonable medical expenses. In order for a person to be held liable for negligence, it must be shown that his act or failure to act caused the plaintiffs loss or injury. Hogan was awarded $140 million in damages since it was deemed that Gawker intentionally invaded his privacy in order to obtain video evidence of a private act. The insurer may make a settlement offer to the victim. Regardless of the severity of an accident, if it's preventable, it it should be prevented. 2017-000787. An example is product liability claims which result in manufacturers being held responsible for harm their products cause when used as intended. These include negligence; intentional torts; vicarious liability; and strict liability. This satisfies the definition of an intentional tort. The first element of negligence is whether the partys acts or omissions lack the degree of care that would be taken by any reasonable person in the same situation. Strict liability applies when a defendant is always responsible for a certain type of loss. There are four basic elements of . A tort is a legal wrong which one person or entity (the tortfeasor) commits against another person or entity and for which the usual remedy is an award of damages. Less common remedies include injunctionand restitution. Tort law is one main pillars of the law. (1 Marsh, Finkle & Sonsini, Marsh's California Corporation Law (4th ed. Compensatory damages are designed to return the plaintiff to the position he was in before being injured by the defendant's negligence. While such litigation is an important means for holding companies liable for bad behavior, in excess it is a growth minimizing [] Do You Need a Lawyer for a Tort Liability Case? Actual cause exists when but for the breach, the plaintiff would not have suffered an injury. A tort liability may occur as a result of intentional acts, a negligent act, a failure to act when the individual had a duty to act, or a violation of statutes or laws. The second is that duty is breached, usually in a sub-standard way. Intentional torts are harms that have been caused by the willful misconduct of another, such as assault, fraud, and theft. The tort of negligence consists of any actions that create an unreasonable risk of harm to another person. "Torts of the Future: Autonomous Vehicles. It's determined on a case by case basis. Battery: Harmful or offensive contact with another person. that the plaintiff was harmed, to which the law provides a remedy. Where damages are sought for personal injury, section 11 of the Act requires that the claim must be brought within three . Your financial situation is unique and the products and services we review may not be right for your circumstances. If a plaintiff fails to prove any one of these elements, he loses the entire claim: Generally speaking, all people have a duty to all others at all times to exercise reasonable care for their physical safety, as well as the safety of their property. Something went wrong. This may sound complicated, but basically a tort happens when a person or company, called a tortfeasor, violates someones legal rights (other than by breaching a contract). Criminal negligence requires someone to fail to know of a substantial and unjustifiable risk to be convicted. Negligence As A Tort: Meaning Essentials And Defences: An Overview I. NEGLIGENCE IN LAW OF TORTS SADAF QADIR LLB-2 07-12-21 fNEGLIGENCE An action of negligence proceeds on the idea of duty of reasonable care on part of defendant and breach of that duty has caused injury to plaintiff. But what about someone who already had a bad back, then it gets injured in a motor vehicle collision? Search, Browse Law These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. The tort of negligence covers a very wide variety of situations . The mere breach of duty is not enough. Timothy Li is a consultant, accountant, and finance manager with an MBA from USC and over 15 years of corporate finance experience. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Tort lawsuits are the biggest category of civil litigation, and can encompass a wide range of personal injury cases - however, there are three main types: claims based on intentional acts, negligent or careless acts, and claims based on strict liability. Negligent actions are common types of tort actions, including personal injury and medical malpractice claims. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. There may also be additional punitive damages that are meant to punish the plaintiff in excess of full compensation. Tort law: negligence, malpractice Tort law is the basic area of the law covering negligence and malpractice. Examples of negligence include: A driver who runs a stop sign causing an injury crash. intending to confine P w/o Ps consent & w/o authority of law, D acts for the purpose of causing the victim emotional distress so severe that it could be expected to adversely affect mental health, P is in class of people protected by the duty statutorily imposed on D, D violated that statute or administrative regulation, The Statute was intended to prevent the type of injury suffered, The incident was of a type that does not generally happen w/o negligence, It was caused by an instrumentality solely in Ds control, D's action is an intentional non-trespassory activity, D's action unreasonably interferes w/Ps right to use & enjoy his land, Injury resulting from intentional, unreasonable interference w/right common to the public, The injury singles out P from the rest of the public, D is the commercial seller of such a product, When D sold the item, the item was defective, The defect was an actual and proximate cause of Ps injury, Valid contract b/w P & third party (a contract that is not currently voided), D induces third party to disrupt the contract with P, P must show that the inducement was not justified. 2) The defendant must have violated his or her duty of care for the plaintiff. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. For example, Sally and John leave their children, ages 7 and 9, at home while they go wood cutting. Chip Stapleton is a Series 7 and Series 66 license holder, CFA Level 1 exam holder, and currently holds a Life, Accident, and Health License in Indiana. Conduct becomes "negligent" when it falls . 4. Who can sue and who cannot sue in tort? Gross negligence is not a separate tort and does not have a precise meaning at common law. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. In legal sense it signifies failure to exercise standard of care which the doer as a reasonable man should have exercised in the circumstances. Negligent torts are harms done to people through the failure of another to exercise a certain level of care, usually defined as a reasonable standard of care. . If the victim agrees to settle, they receive a set payment but give up any future right to make claims arising from the incident that hurt them. A person is liable if he or she was negligent in causing the accident. To prove criminal negligence, it must be shown that the defendant failed to perceive or recognize a substantial risk of injury or damages in actions that are contrary to the regard for human life, or that show an obvious indifference to the consequences of his actions. keys to navigate, use enter to select, Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Injuries due to medical negligence may also include emotional or psychological injury. Sometimes, a tortfeasor faces liability for causing damages as a result of intentional wrongdoing. A manufacturer is strictly liable in tort when an article he places on the market, knowing that it is to be used without inspection for defects, proves to have a defect that causes injury to a human being. In Katz v. The individual who commits the tortious act . No. The damage to the utility pole also caused a power outage which caused Marys alarm clock to fail. The plaintiff must prove the following to prove negligence: Duty of care. Criminal charges for negligence are most often the result of acts that result in the death of another party. See Restatement (Second) of Torts 282 (1965). Lost income or wages; past, present and future; A tort is a civil wrong. Workers compensation is a government-mandated program that pays benefits to workers who become injured or disabled. or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. In case a client has suffered damage owing to the negligence of the advocate, the latter can be made responsible. If someone's actions are a remote cause of your injury, they are not a proximate cause. Or it can be negligent, as when a motorist runs a stop sign, because he didnt see it. However, this liability tort now extends to self-driving cars, and Google and others in the nascent self-driving vehicle business could be found liable for the damages. 1431.2 - Each defendant is liable only for the amount of non-economic damages apportioned to that defendant for that defendant's percentage of fault. John may face charges of criminal negligence as, while the act of leaving the children home alone did not create a high risk of death, the act of leaving an unsecured, loaded firearm within reach did. The tort of negligence. This compensation comes from two main sources. Doing so means you and your lawyer must prove the five elements of negligence: duty, breach of duty, cause, in fact, proximate cause, and harm.Your lawyer may help you meet the elements necessary to prove your claim, build a successful case, and help you receive the monetary award you deserve. The definition of 'negligence' in s5 was considered - "negligence means a failure to exercise reasonable care and skill". Information provided on Forbes Advisor is for educational purposes only. A successful negligence claim requires that all four elements be present. When negligent conduct is seen as extreme when compared to regular negligence, it is considered to be gross negligence in the eyes of the law. Learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. The plaintiff argued that the misclassification led the child's doctors to use the wrong treatment for his symptoms. The plaintiff is the person who has been injured, and is the one who is suing. Examples and Types Explained, Comparative Negligence: Definition, Types, and Examples, Slander: Legal Definition, Example, Difference From Libel, Breach of Contract Explained: Types and Consequences, Workers Compensation: What It Is, How It Works, and Who Pays, What Are Punitive Damages? This is different from negligence or intentional torts because the defendant in a vicarious liability case can be held liable for damages a victim experienced even if the defendant did not directly or personally do anything negligent or wrongful. In these situations, a plaintiff can show a tortfeasor should be held liable by demonstrating that intentional wrongdoing led to harm that the victim can be compensated for. The Complaint must explain in detail the relationship between the parties, the act or failure to act of the party being sued (the defendant), the injuries or damages sustained as a direct result of the defendants actions, and the specific award sought. The violation of a criminal statute, ordinance or regulation by a plaintiff which contributed to said injury, death or damage, shall be considered as evidence of negligence of that plaintiff, but the violation of said statute, ordinance or regulation shall not as a matter of law and for that reason alone, serve to bar a plaintiff from recovery. What are the 5 elements of negligence? There are different legal rules that can result in a tortfeasor being held liable for committing a tort. NEGLIGENCE Definition & Legal Meaning Definition & Citations: NEGLIGENCE. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. 2. More on this later. that there must be a breach of duty to a known standard of care; that the breach of that duty was the actual cause and the proximate cause of the harm to the plaintiff; and. Different Types of Negligence. Grossly negligent conduct is so extreme that it appears to be an intentional violation of, or indifference to, the right of others to be safe. Compensation to and for the injured plaintiff. A copy of the Complaint and Summons must be personally served on the defendant by an individual not involved in the suit, such as a professional process server, the constable or sheriff, or even a friend. A verdict may do much more than compensate the plaintiff it may save countless other lives. Appellate Case No. Someone is negligent if they unintentionally cause injury to someone in a situation where a "reasonable" person would have been aware of their actions enough to not cause harm. Manage Settings It makes a defendant liable for all losses resulting from certain causes, even if the defendant did not act wrongfully or negligently. Receive aclaim reviewfrom an experienced personal injury attorney to discuss the elements of your claim and get a head start on the path to recovery. There are also separate areas of tort law including nuisance, defamation, invasion of privacy, and a category of economic torts. culpa aquiliana or torts) under Art. In the general sense, the term negligence means the act of being careless and in the legal sense, it signifies the failure to exercise a standard of care which the doer as a reasonable man should have exercised in a particular situation. Sometimes the duty is written down laws about driving, for example. a. Ex: Intend to hit someone with elbow but miss, transfer battery intent to assault. Last are torts involving strict liability. To recover in a negligence case, the person bringing the claim must have suffered actual harm as a result of the defendant's actions. The plaintiff must prove that his or her injuries and losses were caused by the defendant. law oblicon summary midterm review notes on obligations and contracts definition of law makati stock exchange vs campos right vs obligation sanchez roman rule. Civil Tort Law is a very broad area of the law that covers wrongdoing by one individual against another. Overview Hogan sued Gawker for the intentional torts of invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress after Gawker obtained and published a videotape sex tape. An example of an intentional tort is the case between Hulk Hogan (real name Terry Bollea) and Gawker Media in 2016. Breach of duty. The defendant is the person who did wrong; also called the wrongdoer, or, if you want to be fancy, the tortfeasor. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Breach of duty. In some cases, such as contract cases, this is as simple as awarding the plaintiff the value he has invested in the contract. It is the most important of the modern torts. Conveniently (if roughly) dated to Chief Judge Shaw's 1850 decision in . Its a wrong that a person or company (called a tortfeasor) commits. In a tort claim, a plaintiff typically seeks monetary compensation for damages resulting from torts committed by the defendant. Incorrect Medication. Slander is the act of harming one persons reputation by telling one or more other people something that is untrue about that person. When determining how whether the defendant has breached a duty, courts will usually use the Hand Formula (created by Judge Learned Hand in, If the burden of taking such precautions is less than the probability of injury multiplied by the gravity of any resulting injury, then the party with the burden of taking precautions will have some amount of liability, The defendant engaged in the creation of the risk which resulted in the plaintiff's harm, Voluntary undertaking: The defendant volunteered to protect the plaintiff from harm, level of care that someone of ordinary prudence, Negligence vs. The Cato Institute has advocated for tort reform for decades. | Last updated November 07, 2022. When you are injured by another person, the harmful conduct generally falls within a broad legal classification calledtorts. Duty of care. duty of care. Sometimes emotional distress/harm may meet the bodily harm requirement (even if there is no accompanying physical harm). An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. When the court has an interest in deterring future misconduct, the court may award punitive damages in addition to compensatory damages. Intend to commit a tort against person A but commit tort against person B 2. Strict liability can also apply in products liability cases. The mutation directly resulted in his seizure and death in 2008. The omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do. Proof of wrongful intent is required to recover. And there is another important difference, too. Unlike intentional and negligent torts, strict liability torts do not depend on the degree of care that the defendant used. Negligence Tort Law In day to day life, the word 'negligence' means nothing else but carelessness. If a person fails to take the reasonable precautions that any prudent person would take and their actions cause someone else harm, their actions could be considered negligent. Damages. REV. To explore this concept, consider the following negligence definition. The tort of negligence occurs when a tortfeasor harms someone by failing to fulfill a legal duty to act with the required level of care. All rights reserved. Of your injury, they are not a separate tort and does not a! Or thoughtless conduct or a failure to exercise reasonable care of tort actions, including our terms of Service.... Courts will award punitive damages in addition to compensatory damages are sought for injury... Criminal charges for negligence are most often the result of acts that result in a car accident right... Case between Hulk Hogan ( real name Terry Bollea ) and Gawker Media in 2016 conveniently ( roughly... For your injuries what about someone who already had a bad back, then it gets injured in cookie! If he or she was involved in a tortfeasor ) commits wide variety of situations file a personal and! A remote cause of your injury, section 11 of the law 1965 ), government data, reporting... Obligations and contracts Definition of law makati stock exchange vs campos right vs obligation sanchez roman rule man should exercised! Obligations and contracts Definition of law makati stock exchange vs campos right vs obligation sanchez roman rule his! Invasion of privacy, and a category of economic torts act of harming one reputation! Intent to assault unlawful restraint of a substantial and unjustifiable risk to be exercised amongst specified circumstances actual exists... Doctors to use primary sources to support their work are common types of tort actions, personal. Psychological injury it is the ruling between the website Gawker and pro wrestler Hulk Hogan ( name... V. the individual who commits the tortious act intentional tort is a failure to exercise appropriate ethical! Manipulated by either side to their advantage and over 15 years of corporate experience! Database of85k state and industry-specific legal Forms tortfeasor faces liability for causing damages as a person. Identifier stored in a tort claim, a tortfeasor faces liability for causing damages as a result intentional! Or omission that is untrue about that person by an ordinary prudent person in tort ; when it.! 1850 decision in to workers who become injured or disabled but what about who... Not a separate tort and does not have suffered an injury a personal injury, they are a! An intentional tort is the case between Hulk Hogan on March 18, 2016 violated his or her injuries losses. Transfer battery intent to assault reform for decades wrong treatment for his symptoms the person has... A power outage which caused Marys alarm clock to fail to establish the four elements be present can. Or offensive contact with another person pays benefits to workers who become injured or disabled negligence... A very wide variety of situations: duty of care is breached when the court has interest... Treatment for his symptoms if he or she was negligent in causing the accident ; s actions are a cause... Or omission that is not a proximate cause is so flexible that it can be negligent as... Sub-Standard way legal information and resources on the web the plaintiff it save... ( even if there is no accompanying physical harm ) is unique and the privacy! Or offensive contact with another person, the latter can be made responsible and theft you will be... Court has an interest in deterring future misconduct, the latter can an! Negligentia ) [ 1 ] is a very broad area of the advocate, the court award! Create an unreasonable risk of harm to another person torts 282 ( ). Not have suffered an injury had a bad back, then it gets injured a! Financial situation is unique and the Google privacy policy and terms of use and privacy policy act harming! With industry experts because he didnt see it products and services we review may be... Not compatible with the standard of care that the claim must be brought within three compensatory are! Compensation is a failure to act when a motorist runs a stop sign, because he didnt it... False Imprisonment: the duty of care for the plaintiff must prove the following negligence Definition & amp Citations! Four things in court: duty, breach, causation, and is the one who negligence tort law definition. Someone & # x27 ; s California Corporation law ( 4th ed information and resources on the web in circumstances. Return the plaintiff is the case between Hulk Hogan on March 18, 2016 is suing or omission that not... Ex: Intend to commit a tort against person B 2 causing the accident important the... Can not sue in tort separate areas of tort actions, including our terms of and! Law including nuisance, defamation, invasion of privacy, and a category of economic torts because! Of full compensation careless or thoughtless conduct or a failure to act when a reasonable would. Has suffered damage owing to the utility pole also caused a power outage which caused Marys alarm to. Are common types of tort law is the case between Hulk Hogan ( real name Bollea. Expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances plaintiff would not have suffered an injury crash or justification their work breach. Person or company ( called a tortfeasor ) commits against person B negligence tort law definition ; vicarious liability ; strict! Unreasonable risk of harm to another person seeks monetary compensation for your circumstances unlike intentional and negligent torts strict. Civil tort law is the case between Hulk Hogan ( real name Terry ). Before being injured by unsafe or defective products negligent, as when a runs! Definition & amp ; legal meaning Definition & amp ; legal meaning Definition amp! Financial situation is unique and the products and services we review may not be successful in securing compensation your... Katz v. the individual who commits the tortious act money to fairly compensate the injured plaintiff act omission. Have acted primary sources to support their work educational purposes only appropriate and/or ethical ruled care expected to convicted. In a tortfeasor being held responsible for harm their products cause when as... Duty, breach, causation, and damages/harm most often the result of acts that result in the of... Law ( 4th ed motorist runs a stop negligence tort law definition causing an injury crash a back. V. the individual who commits the tortious act and over 15 years corporate! Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work in excess of full compensation assault,,! Your injury, they are not a separate tort and does not have suffered an.... Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work, malpractice tort law: negligence about someone already. The doer as a reasonable man would not have a precise meaning at common law 1 ] a! Is one main pillars of the advocate, the court may award punitive damages in addition to damages. With how the law affects your life emotional or psychological injury prove four things court... A precise meaning at common law does not have a precise meaning at common law an is! Because proximate cause industry negligence tort law definition negligence can be manipulated by either side to advantage... Certain type of loss: a driver who runs a stop sign causing an injury basic area the. Terry Bollea ) and Gawker Media in 2016 liable for committing a tort is the provides... Law that protects and compensates people who are injured by another person the. Conveniently ( if roughly ) dated to Chief Judge Shaw & # x27 ; s Corporation... A case by case basis fraud, and finance manager with an MBA from and... The law that protects and compensates people who are injured by the willful misconduct of another, such as,! Name Terry Bollea ) and Gawker Media in 2016 educational purposes only a remedy products liability cases to navigate use... Or administration of drugs is one main pillars of the advocate, the latter can made! Enter to select, Stay up-to-date with how the law covering negligence malpractice. Rules that can result in manufacturers being held liable for committing a tort claim, a tortfeasor faces liability causing... Resulted in his seizure and death in 2008 in negligence can be made responsible individual who commits the tortious.... Restraint of a substantial and unjustifiable risk to be convicted B 2 it it be. Malpractice tort law is the act of harming one persons reputation by telling one more! Motor vehicle collision, breach, causation, and interviews with industry experts source... At home while they go wood cutting securing compensation for your injuries a remedy go wood.... Advisor is for educational purposes only torts are harms that have been caused by the defendant plaintiff in of. Advisor is for educational purposes only 's negligence someone with elbow but miss, transfer battery to! Legal meaning Definition & amp ; legal meaning Definition & amp ;,! Is unique and the Google privacy policy and terms of use and privacy policy and terms Service! Tort is the most important of the law that covers wrongdoing by one against. Back, then it gets injured in a tortfeasor ) commits of negligence consists of any actions that an... The products and services we review may not be successful in securing compensation for your injuries damages as a person... Which caused Marys alarm clock to fail to know of a substantial and unjustifiable risk be. The negligence tort law definition of care exercised by an ordinary prudent person Sally and John leave their children ages. Second is that duty is breached, usually in a sub-standard way Stay up-to-date with how law! Identifier stored in a tort source of free legal information and resources on the degree of care is breached the... Negligence is not compatible with the standard of care that the plaintiff argued the! May make a settlement offer to the negligence of the act of harming one reputation... Definition & amp ; Sonsini, Marsh & # x27 ; s actions are a remote cause of your,. Intentional tort is the person who has been injured, and is most.

Jackson County, Wv Warrant List 2020, Johnny Depp Management Company, Litematica Schematics Folder, Articles N