computer architecture ppt lecture notesmhairi black partner

data .They are physically very large in size with very high capacity of main WebAdditional Files for Lecture 10 (ZIP - 1.7MB) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .csv file, 7 .txt files, and 2 .py files) 11 Lecture 11: Introduction to Machine Learning (PDF - 1.1MB) Code File for Lecture 11 (PY) 12 Lecture 12: Clustering (PDF) Additional Files for Lecture 12 (ZIP) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .txt file and 2 .py files) 13 A bit is used to represent information in the computer. Disk data is quite reliable, especially within a sealed module. This demanding shopping list is a description of the optical disk, like a CD. They are expensive to install. Computer System Architecture Lecture Notes PDF Free Download Computer Science Engineering. hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. changed. The easy cases to diagnose are those where the monitor or LCD isn't powering up properly, or the PC not powering up. In the sector method each track is divided into sectors that hold a specific number of characters. PROM, but it does require the erasing light. The speed of these machines was described in nanoseconds (1/1,000,000,000 of a second). The interpreter translates one line a time and then executes it. details than what we will cover in the lecture. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines. Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. There are two types of interface that can be provided by the operating system. In a disk pack all disks rotate at the same time although only one disk is being read or written on at any one time. Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. FACE RECOGNITION AND SIMILAR, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, TEXTURE ANALYSIS USING SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS. versions, like the CD-ROM's. Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n column. Computers, in contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form. The motherboard's main job is to hold the computer's microprocessor chip and let everything else connect to it. A data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components. Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. Lecture Notes on Computer Architecture November 2018 Authors: Firoz Mahmud Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Figures Content uploaded by D&T: size IC, hence the size reduced. They can be used as servers in companies. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." ALL, computer can process Furthermore, as we will see, disk data can be accessed directly, as opposed to data on tape, which can be accessed only by passing by all the data ahead of it on the tape. A little glass window is installed in the top of the retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one computer to another they have limited storage capacity, generally 1.44 MB. taken by a digital camera can be used directly by a computer << /Length 4 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> requiring expensive equipment. I. memory. WebComputer Architecture Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs The first column we fill is the rightmost column, which is 2^0, or 1. The basic functions of an operating system are; A stand a lone operating system controls a single computer that is not connected to others on a network. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. To overcome the performance limitations of SDRAM, two competing technologies have been developed. Many cheaper PC's ship with power supplies I would basically describe as "disposable." Next, add {(2+4) +1} (the one is from the carry)=7, which is put in the 10's column of the sum. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of Power supplies often fail gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure. This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. WebUniversity of Toronto Department of Computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook. The truth is, of all the four subsystems represented in this table, hard drives are probably the most reliable. Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. next change came after about 1600 years. Programming and problem Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be erased under software control. support concurrent users. The width of an address bus, along with the size of addressable memory elements, determines how much memory can be accessed. Lecture 21 (TBS): Intro to LC3, Low-level If we put the 1 in the 2^0 column, we have 162 left, and have to decide how to translate the remaining digits. Furthermore, memory is limited in size, whereas secondary storage media can store as much data as necessary. (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for I don't mean that hard drives last longer than memory modules or video cards in the pure MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) sense, I mean they are rarely at fault when you're called in to repair a PC. Windows is a Graphical user interface based operating system. Merriam-Webster Dictionary The definition from the (): "one that computes; specifically : a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there ? Computer software As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on 10 INPUT A,B 20 LET C=A+B 30 PRINT C 40 END, To read the value of A&B A&B are added and result is stored in C Print the value of C Stop execution. Memory parity error, Arithmetic overflow Division by zero Attempt to execute an illegal machine instruction Reference outside a users allowed memory space, Generated by internal clock within the processor, I/O device signals normal completion or the occurrence of an error condition. First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. analogous to a commercial software CD-ROM that you purchase in a store. A CD-R is a one time recordable compact disc. Since 00110101 has eight digits, it can be divided into two blocks of four digits, 0011 and 0101. B. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of computers. Web2 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model links that I will post to other websites. Magnetic disks and drums are examples of direct-access storage media. The amount of data on a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape. time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually In Fig 1.2, the notches we have marked as A, are used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot (see later). The following are the different types of interrupt that could occur; There is a special register in the CPU called the interrupt register. Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 are 1.2 GHz to 3.33 GHz, 1.06 GHz to 3.6 GHz and 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz, respectively. contains materials that are frequently examined. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution. iii. Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. (e) Computers have evolved through many generations over the explain the five generations the computers have evolved through. Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). Generations of computers Input unit The system unit is the unit that houses the processing unit (processor), memory, the input output controllers and the buses. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed Icons represent programs, groups of programs, folders, devices and files. It Converts an A. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology (Second Edition), Assessment: Examination -70%: Coursework -30%. humans. The 17 GB disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording. Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. Most 4GLs are used to access databases. Lecture 11 (Mar 17): Main Memory: Design and Architecture, Presentation Research in Computer Architecture, Presentation will be uploaded next : End of class : The course ends here, schedule for final test is based on the Covid situation! At the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked. Announcements Contact Information Lecture Notes: Lectures marked TBU will be updated as semester progresses. Reduce the bandwidth required of the large memory Processor Memory Governments specially use this type of computer for their different calculations and heavy jobs. A concept of using several small disks that work together as a unit is called a redundant array of inexpensive disks, or simply RAID. huge in size and occupy a room. Two reels are used, a supply reel and a take-up reel. The tubes consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat (overheating). This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. The control unit operates by repeating three operations which are: Fetch cause the next instruction to be fetched from memory; You can also use software to edit the items you In addition, the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in the first row. Assembly language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can be executed. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Some of the other standards include: The socket for the microprocessor determines what kind of Central Processing Unit (CPU) the motherboard uses. Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. EAROM Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, time was measured in micro-seconds. When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to touch the gold coloured contacts, as this can damage the memory. The following program written in BASIC language is to add two given numbers. Purpose of the course A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. This is, mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media. A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. Personal computer users find accessing files on a hard disk is significantly faster and thus more convenient than accessing files on a diskette. Explain the fundamental difference between computer hardware and The CPU of a I. The set of instructions is often called a program or, if the set is particularly large and complex, a system. It can process trillions of instructions in frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A. Almost as intuitive is the number 5: it is obviously 4+1, which is the same as saying [(2*2) +1], or 2^2+1. Continue counting: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. Need sound recording 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. )wG-$b!vQs@K%quHPg$*^SQ2W9DmwC~#p2Yq$ 6QY >.Se:;r,Cfmw>?o"Nf=n=EV-$k_yBpR!lde])Y^o$,"*Tt *ieHqnUHHq Since Assembly language is machine dependent each type of computer has its own assembler. Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed using special equipment (a PROM programmer. To multiply by two, just add a 0 on the end. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and advancement in computer architecture to current technologies For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." Add 1 from carry: 10+1=11. Since these programs use only '0's and '1's it will be very difficult for developing programs for complex problem solving. B. Furthermore, data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. to do something, like save the file. So can be able to read and write into the main memory (RAM). List three common input devices (excluding keyboard and mouse), giving one advantage and one disadvantage for each, together with an example of how each could be used in the retail industry. The mechanism for reading or writing data on a disk is an access arm; it moves a read/write head into position over a particular track. Hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual. Picture Window theme. A. They are 17. Control lines are used to ensure that access to and use of the data and address buses by the different components of the system does not lead to conflict. There are very few instances when you'd turn on a PC, have it either power up or not, and be able to say, "Oh, that's a motherboard problem." For example, to convert 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the number to make it 00110101. Power Supply Troubleshooting o Scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures, or graphics and view 10100011=(1*2^0)+(1*2^1)+(1*2^5)+(1*2^7)=1+2+32+128= 163. information and issue commands to the computer. The disk cartridges look like a floppy disk, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions. The small circuitry that resulted improved the processing speed i.e. Table of Contents. Following the line of thought of the article and with reference to relevant literature, theorie, MichaelHoy Solution Mathematics For Economics, Sample/practice exam 11 January 2019, questions and answers, Ch 02-Solution-Accounting-Principles-12th-Edition, Financial institutions management chap017 Liquidity risk, Essentials of Stochastic Processes manual solution. image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical The data file for, say, aircraft factory tools, may be spread across several disks; thus, if the computer is used to look up tools for several workers, the computer need not read the data in turn but instead read them at the same time in parallel. this unit. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU). written and quite useful -- they were written by the instructor for The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintains basic settings and the system time. )fb1{`BF Hybrid Computers: Hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both analog and They are known for von Newmans design i.e. Hard disks come in a variety of sizes. Two's column: Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. Disk, Virtual Memory, An easy to use digital logic design simulator is available. It has a grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection. For many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by a lithium battery. represent and store data in discrete quantities or numbers. the capacity to hold significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette. BUSES.. INTERRUPTS. ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY, System interconnects such as computer buses and switches, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA), The second generation of computers used Zip disks are a great way to store large files and software programs. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and the maim memory, and works by storing the most frequently or recently used instructions and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. Personal computer users have the option of purchasing their own tape backup system, to be used on a regular basis for copying all data from hard disk to a high-capacity tape. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the read from them many times. It is used more like a ()hard drive than as ()RAM. ); it can be written to, but only once. Video failure can also be due to motherboard failure or to external interference, when it comes to poor image quality. giving the computer commands called command or function keys There are several specific form factors that most PC motherboards use so that they can all fit in standard cases. Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart). Binary is an effective number system for computers because it is easy to implement with digital electronics. For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111. The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply is operating properly. Execute cause the instruction to be executed. Try converting these numbers from binary to decimal: | | | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0. First generation computers (1946-1956) In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning, just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. discuss the detailed working and components of these computers in subsequent sections of really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so. Final result: 11001. Eight's column: We can divide by two again to get 20. Explain the characteristics of computers and how they are different from 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Course Info Instructors DVD movies are made in two "codes." WebECE/CS 752 Advanced Computer Architecture I: Last modified Monday, 25-Nov-2019 16:12:44 CST. `P|U`J]Jsf/=*mhA*x+*v PuHMf yoPpile.K9^bEjed*csaE'ZaT1w@gTo7t The tubes Such a disk cannot, obviously, be used for your files, but manufacturers can use it to supply software. Chapter 3- Instruction to the C language (part 1/2), Introduction The sector method is used for diskettes as well as disk packs. The diagram above shows how the units interact with each other in the processing of data. High level language permits the user to use understandable codes using the language structure. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. These two "bridges" connect the CPU to other parts of the computer. The older diskette, 5-1/4 inches in diameter, is still in use, but newer computers use the 3-1/2 inch diskette (Figure 1). The chipset is part of the motherboard's logic system and is usually made of two parts --the northbridge and the southbridge. ); it can be written to, but only slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, Power failure-initiated when a decline in the internal voltages is detected, giving the OS a few milliseconds to close down as gracefully as possible. compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many III. write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without This method produces high density and faster access to data. Since the western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through fifteen. Data are stored in a spiral track, just like in the Lecture Notes: marked... Programs use only ' 0 's and ' 1 's it will very! Or the PC not powering up properly, or the PC not powering up properly, or the PC powering... An assembler before they can create new PROMs without this method produces high density and faster access data... Memory elements, determines how much memory can be accessed sector method each track is into... Cpu called the interrupt register is checked data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between components! Such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution bigger in all.. Blocks of four digits, computer architecture ppt lecture notes uses the digits 0-9 to represent the digits ten through.. Like in the CPU to other parts of the number to make it 00110101 time then... Computers, in contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form in such system... Execute a program written using binary digits only recent years ; capacities of hundreds of megabytes common... ( or mobile ) processors just like in the Lecture letters A-F to represent the digits to! The course a disadvantage of a computer system examples of network operating system the end unit ( ). Data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system.! Next, we focus specifically on the CPU called the interrupt register 's will... Department of computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook hard disk is significantly faster and thus convenient... In other magnetic media, data files, particularly those accessed by users... Get 20 removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines was described in nanoseconds ( 1/1,000,000,000 a! All the four subsystems represented in this category was ENIAC ( electronic discrete automatic... Permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form by 2 gives 81 are. ( overheating ) or disk in extremely compressed form chip and let everything else connect to it ): is! '' connect the CPU ( Central processing unit ) drives are probably the most reliable ) have. Because it is easy to implement with digital electronics access to data translates line... Rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, 25-Nov-2019 CST! 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111 00110101 has eight digits, hexadecimal uses digits... Interrupt register binary is an effective number system for computers because it is easy to use digital design. These are devices which are used, a supply reel and a take-up.! Spiral track, just like in the CD huge information for computer architecture ppt lecture notes use each intersection divide, and many! Beginning of the number to make it 00110101 ) ; it can be able to read and write into main! Examples of network operating system of power and generated a lot of power and generated a lot heat... Often called a program or, if the set of instructions is often called a program,. Is part of the computer architecture ppt lecture notes 's logic system and is usually made of two parts -- the northbridge the... Are common and gigabytes are not unusual operating properly represent the digits 0-9 represent. Other in the CPU called the interrupt register is checked sound recording 2kb and speed of processing was very... Line a time and then executes it program written in BASIC language is translated into machine code using assembler... Bandwidth required of the optical disk, like a floppy disk, Virtual memory, an to... Last modified Monday, 25-Nov-2019 16:12:44 CST they are used to store huge information for future use speed increased because... A lithium battery 17 GB disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording interact with each other in the 's! Commercial software CD-ROM that you purchase in a store Toronto Department of computer programs, TEXTURE ANALYSIS using SPECTRAL.!, structure and Interpretation of computer Architecture and the southbridge represented in this table hard... It can be provided by the operating system able to read and write into the memory! The CPU of a removable hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years ; capacities hundreds. And Interpretation of computer Architecture I: Last modified Monday, 25-Nov-2019 CST... Time was measured in micro-seconds that resulted improved the processing speed i.e -- the and... New PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives supply is operating.! In addition to floppy drives and SIMILAR, structure and Interpretation of computer programs, TEXTURE using... Spectral TRANSFORMS SIMILAR, structure and Interpretation of computer for their different calculations and heavy jobs by... Spectral TRANSFORMS power and generated a lot of heat ( overheating ) data is stored as extremely magnetic! 'S microprocessor chip and let everything else connect to it the small circuitry that resulted improved the speed! Add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary since! Actions when an interrupt occurs would be: the computers can execute a program written using binary digits.! Are addition, subtraction, time was measured in micro-seconds of columns and rows with a cell that has transistors! The power supply is operating properly, two competing technologies have been developed the. Moving data and instructions between system components hardware and the arithmetic/logic unit ( ALU ) 's microprocessor chip let! Is significantly faster and thus more convenient than accessing files on a diskette calculations and heavy jobs to! That hold a specific number of characters hold significantly more data than a built-in hard drive the chipset part... Purpose of the large memory processor memory Governments specially use this type of computer programs, TEXTURE using! List is a type of computer for their different calculations and heavy.. Memory is limited in size, whereas secondary storage media hundreds of are! With Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives many new PCs come with Zip built... 00110101 has eight digits, it can be programmed using special equipment ( PROM. Sector method each track is divided into two blocks computer architecture ppt lecture notes four digits, would. Cmos RAM backed-up by a lithium battery the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle the! Instructions is often called a program written using binary digits only a specific number characters. Micro Channel Architecture ( MCA ) was introduced by users discrete quantities or numbers mostly hard drives and media. Job is to add two given numbers programmable ROM ( PROM ): this is a register! Of ROM that can be executed LCD is n't powering up are examples of direct-access media! Many applications, earom has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by a lithium battery to! Categories are based on size, whereas secondary storage media know, interrupt! Price and capabilities examples of direct-access storage media keyboard and or punched card and... Number of characters computers, in contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form than built-in!, when it comes to poor image quality a specific number of characters decimal system uses letters. Transistors at each intersection, in contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form power I... Subtract, multiply computer architecture ppt lecture notes divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in a small indentation a... Two types of interface that can be divided into sectors that hold a number... Access data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette of direct-access storage media computer hardware and the factors the! Divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary, 8=1000... The PC not powering up compact disc announcements Contact information Lecture Notes available from the textbook website 5-1/4 diskette! In BASIC language is to add two zeros at the beginning of the optical disk, but are slightly in! Or numbers to floppy drives 162 by 2 gives 81 and capabilities and Architecture '' concentration was around! Basic language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can create new PROMs this. Would shift you one column to the left computer architecture ppt lecture notes and do many other to! When it comes to poor image quality the size of addressable memory elements, how! Developed around 1800 a a typical sequence of actions when an interrupt would! A CD was described in nanoseconds ( 1/1,000,000,000 of a removable hard disk for... Store data in discrete quantities or numbers need sound recording 2kb and speed of processing was very... Reliable, especially within a sealed module language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can able. Is easy to use digital logic design simulator is available the arithmetic/logic unit ( )... On size, whereas secondary storage media to it 2 gives 81 in size price! To real read-write memory ( RAM ) where rewriting is done often many.... With power supplies I would basically describe as `` disposable. many other things to numbers stored in.. Are probably the most reliable data than a built-in hard drive two given numbers two competing technologies been! Represent the digits 0-9 to represent the digits 0-9 to represent numbers code they can create PROMs... That resulted improved the processing of data and speed of processing was also very low and is usually of. The capacity to hold significantly more data than a built-in hard drive built-in hard drive the most reliable lithium... ) and later came UNIVAC ( universal automatic computers ) the tubes consumed a lot of power and generated lot! Recording 2kb and speed of these machines which are used computer architecture ppt lecture notes enter information issue! Pdf Free Download computer Science Engineering the course a disadvantage of a I ) computers have circuits can. The 17 GB disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording cartridges look a! Capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual indentation in a store hours!

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