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Van de Bittner, G. C., Dubikovskaya, E. A., Bertozzi, C. R., Chang, C. J. Increased levels of circulating saturated free fatty acids, such as palmitate, have been implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes and cancer. Laughlin, S. T., Agard, N. J., Baskin, J. M., Carrico, I. S., Chang, P. V., Ganguli, A. S., Hangauer, M. J., Lo, A., Prescher, J. View details for Web of Science ID 000082757300015. View details for Web of Science ID 000275868700024, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2840677. Azide-labeled proteins are chemoselectively tagged via azide-alkyne cycloadditions with fluorophores for imaging or affinity resins for mass spectrometric characterization. Roe, B. We developed a series of ligand-inducible riboswitches that control gene expression in diverse species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including human pathogens that have few or no previously reported inducible expression systems. Through rational design, we redirected a microbial lipoic acid ligase (LplA) to specifically attach an alkyl azide onto an engineered LplA acceptor peptide (LAP). Here we report that a truncated S-layer protein assembles into stable bilayers, which we characterized using cryogenic-electron microscopy, tomography, and X-ray spectroscopy. One reason for this lack of development is the dearth of assays to efficiently screen for small molecular inhibitors of palmitoylation. Using these probes, we studied the mobilities of labeled glycolipids by time-lapse microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments and found that mycomembrane fluidity varies widely across species and correlates with mycolic acid structure. In contrast, previous studies have shown that N-propanoyl sialic acid (SiaProp), generated from N-propanoylmannosamine, is readily accepted by polysialyltransferases and permits the extension of poly(SiaProp) on NCAM. In the 1990s, Dr. Bertozzi was studying glycans, carbohydrates that sit on the surfaces of proteins and cells, the functions of which were not wholly understood. Thus, M. tuberculosis most likely produces PAPS for the sole use of this organism's sulfotransferases. Here we present the first step toward bottom-up assembly of model cell surfaces-the synthesis of mucin mimetics and their incorporation into artificial membranes. Recently it was shown that the mucin GlyCAM-1, a secreted physiological ligand for L-selectin, is capped with sulfated derivatives of sialyl Lewis x [sLe(x): Sia alpha 2-->3Gal beta 1-->4(Fuc alpha 1-->3)GlcNAc] and that sulfation is required for the high-affinity interaction between GlyCAM-1 and L-selectin. Tuberculosis (TB) disease is a global epidemic caused by the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). View details for Web of Science ID 000167618700043. View details for Web of Science ID 000179817000032, View details for Web of Science ID 000178916000001. Previously, we described the biochemical activity of the sulfotransferase Stf0 that initiates SL-1 biosynthesis. Interestingly, two sulfotransferase genes are highly similar to mammalian sulfotransferases, increasing the list of mycobacterial eukaryotic-like protein families. Two notable examples are the Staudinger ligation of azides and phosphines and the Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azides and alkynes ("click chemistry"). There is growing interest in extending this progress to O-glycoproteomics, which necessitates comparisons of method performance for the two classes of glycopeptides. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics (2022); Wolf Prize (2022); AAAS Lifetime Mentor Award (2022); Presidents Innovator Award, Society for Glycobiology (2020); Nagoya Medal (2020); The Chemistry of the Future Solvay Prize (2020); NAS John J. Carty Award (2020); Glenn T. Seaborg Medal, UCLA (2020); F.A. Thus, for applications of bioorthogonal chemistry in living systems, we built upon Wittig and Krebs' observation with the design of cyclooctyne reagents that react rapidly and selectively with biomolecule-associated azides. Applications to noninvasive imaging and glycoproteomic analyses are discussed. Advances in cellular imaging and in small molecule-controlled gene expression, signal transduction and cell surface modification are discussed in this review. Converse, S. E., Mougous, J. D., Leavell, M. D., Leary, J. She is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The detection yield of viable Mtb improved from 43% (median 2 CFU, range: 1-14) to 95% (median 20.5 DMN-Trehalose positive bacilli, range: 2-155). Our work provides insight into acute drug effects on cell envelope biogenesis in live mycobacteria. Human embryonic stem cells were found to have high levels of high mannose glycans, which contrasts with IMR-90 fibroblasts and a human normal breast cell line, where complex glycans are by far the most abundant and high mannose glycans are minor components. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carolyn-R-Bertozzi. Spiciarich, D. R., Nolley, R., Maund, S. L., Purcell, S. C., Herschel, J., Iavarone, A. T., Peehl, D. M., Bertozzi, C. R. Corneal surface glycosylation is modulated by IL-1R and Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge but is insufficient for inhibiting bacterial binding. Collectively, these results indicate that the distortion/interaction model combined with bond angle analysis will enable predictions of cyclooctyne reactivity and the rational design of new reagents for copper-free click chemistry. Putative Mtb bacilli were detected in collected fluid by fluorescence microscopy utilising DMN-Trehalose. We report here a strategy for the synthesis of N-linked glycopeptide analogues that replace the glycosidic linkages extending from the core pentasaccharide with thioethers amenable to construction by chemoselective ligation. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved into a highly successful human pathogen. Here we explored their effect on corneal surface glycosylation using a metabolic label, tetra-acetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz). However, the Staudinger ligation has some liabilities, such as the propensity of phosphine reagents to undergo air oxidation and the relatively slow kinetics of the reaction. Enlightened by our proteomic data, we performed further experiments to show that only the LAM from M. tuberculosis inhibits accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in the macrophage, suggesting a new function for this virulence-associated lipid. In this study, we sought to elucidate the function of papA3, a gene from the PAT locus encoding a putative acyltransferase. Here, we report a method that combines the metabolic incorporation of a cyclooctyne-functionalized sialic acid derivative with a ligation reaction of a fluorogenic tetrazine, allowing for the imaging of sialylated glycoconjugates within live zebrafish embryos. Some members of the family prefer previously gly co sylated peptides (ppGalNAc T7 and T10), whereas others are inhibited by neighboring gly co sy la tion (ppGalNAc T1 and T2). Furthermore, many biological studies would be aided by the ability to assemble biomolecules under physiological conditions. Seeliger, J. C., Topp, S., Sogi, K. M., Previti, M. L., Gallivan, J. P., Bertozzi, C. R. Thiacycloalkynes for Copper-Free Click Chemistry. Azides installed within cell surface glycoconjugates by metabolism of a synthetic azidosugar were reacted with a biotinylated triarylphosphine to produce stable cell-surface adducts. The unique labeling strategy of BCG by CDG-Tre provides a versatile tool for tracking Mtb in both pre- and post-phagocytosis and elucidating fundamental physiological and pathological processes related to the mycomembrane. CNTs coated with these mucin mimic polymers have two novel properties: they can bind to carbohydrate receptors, providing a means for biomimetic interactions with cell surfaces, and, importantly, they are rendered nontoxic to cells. Most bacteria possess only one trehalose biosynthesis pathway and do not elaborate the disaccharide into more complex metabolites, suggesting a distinct role for trehalose in mycobacteria. She is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. We used these tools to perform the first site-directed mutagenesis study of a member of this sulfotransferase family, GST2. Subsequently, the embryos were reacted with fluorophore conjugates by means of copper-free click chemistry, enabling the visualization of glycans in vivo at subcellular resolution during development. The profile, which comprised 546 proteins, suggests diverse functions of the phagosome and potential connections to secretory processes, toll-like receptor signaling, and autophagy. Bioorthogonal reactions are chemical reactions that neither interact with nor interfere with a biological system. The C-type lectins dectin-1 and dectin-2 contribute to innate immunity against microbial pathogens by recognizing their foreign glycan structures. [2] As of 2022, 12 awardees have subsequently become Nobel laureates; the most recent of those is Carolyn Bertozzi, who received the Nobel Prize the same year. Mass spectrometry assays allowed us to identify other acceptors, mainly integrins. Physiological blood-brain transport is impaired with age by a shift in transcytosis. Their involvement in inflammatory disease makes the selectins attractive targets for anti-inflammatory therapy. Applying IsoStamp, we were able to detect femtomole quantities of a single tagged protein from total mammalian cell lysates at signal-to-noise ratios as low as 2.5:1. Chang, P. V., Chen, X., Smyrniotis, C., Xenakis, A., Hu, T., Bertozzi, C. R., Wu, P. Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Host-Pathogen Interactions: The Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipids. Given that M. tuberculosis typically persists in the phagosomal vacuole after being phagocytosed by macrophages, we performed a proteomic analysis of that organelle after treatment of macrophages with LAMs purified from the two mycobacterial species. The glycosylation of serine and threonine residues with a single GlcNAc moiety is a dynamic posttranslational modification of many nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5675001. Importantly, they reveal that seemingly minute changes in molecular structure, in this case fluorophores that comprise only 2% of the total molecular weight, can significantly alter the molecule's presentation to the surrounding environment. Sulfotransferases catalyze the transfer of a sulfuryl group from the eukaryotic sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to an acceptor biomolecule. Rv3406 was identified based on its homology to the alkyl sulfatase AtsK from Pseudomonas putida. MS of material collected on the tissue paper blots revealed 67 GalNAz-labeled proteins, including intracellular proteins. Laughlin, S. T., Baskin, J. M., Amacher, S. L., Bertozzi, C. R. Rapid detection, discovery, and identification of post-translationally myristoylated proteins during apoptosis using a bio-orthogonal azidomyristate analog. Hammett analyses demonstrated that electron-donating substituents on the phosphine accelerate the overall reaction. Here we studied the mechanism of sulfonucleotide reduction by APS reductase from the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using a combination of mass spectrometry and biochemical approaches. End-functionalization with a hydrophobic anchor permitted incorporation into the membranes of live cultured cells. Here we studied the function of novel germline variants in CSF3R at amino acid N610. Applications to the visualization of cellular glycans and enrichment of glycoproteins for proteomic analysis are described. In vivo, BPA appears to have greater activity than is suggested by its estrogen receptor (ER) binding affinity. However, controlled investigations of the relationships between glycosylation, rigidity, and extension of membrane-bound mucins or similar macromolecules are lacking, largely because of the absence of tractable experimental models. The sulfite generated in this reaction is utilized in bacteria and plants for the eventual production of essential biomolecules such as cysteine and coenzyme A. Phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase-C activity is actually not present in trypomastigotes. Appel, M. J., Meier, K. K., Lafrance-Vanasse, J., Lim, H., Tsai, C., Hedman, B., Hodgson, K. O., Tainer, J. Our results demonstrate a key role of PIKfyve in the processing and presentation of antigens, which should be taken into consideration when targeting PIKfyve in autoimmune disease and cancer. We present IsoTaG, a mass-independent chemical glycoproteomics platform for characterization of intact, metabolically labeled glycopeptides at the whole-proteome scale. Agarwal, P., Beahm, B. J., Shieh, P., Bertozzi, C. R. Live-Cell Labeling of Specific Protein Glycoforms by Proximity-Enhanced Bioorthogonal Ligation. The above reactions, as well as several newcomers with bioorthogonal attributes, have enabled the high-precision chemical modification of biomolecules in vitro, as well as real-time visualization of molecules and processes in cells and live organisms. We synthesized two unnatural oligosaccharide substrates, GlcNAc beta 1-->6Gal alpha-R and Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->6Gal alpha-R, that incorporate structural motifs from the native L-selection ligands into an unnatural C-glycosyl hydrocarbon scaffold. A., Cox, J. S. Noncovalent complexes of APS reductase from M-tuberculosis: Delineating a mechanistic model using ESI-FTICR MS. Gao, H., Leary, J., Carroll, K. S., Bertozzi, C. R., Chen, H. Self-assembled cellular microarrays patterned using DNA barcodes. Furthermore, we show that these mimetics enhance the survival of nonmalignant cells in a zebrafish model of metastasis. This tutorial review focuses on recent applications of homogeneous synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins for studies of structure and function. Griffin, J. E., Pandey, A. K., Gilmore, S. A., Mizrahi, V., McKinney, J. D., Bertozzi, C. R., Sassetti, C. M. Imaging the Sialome during Zebrafish Development with Copper-Free Click Chemistry. We used the CalFluor probes to image various alkyne-labeled biomolecules (glycans, DNA, RNA, and proteins) in cells, developing zebrafish, and mouse brain tissue slices. The combination of novel biochemical and metabolism-based approaches with emerging genomic methods promises to accelerate efforts to understand glycosylation. View details for Web of Science ID 000168490400007, View details for Web of Science ID 000167717100191. An essential step in this pathway is the activation of sulfate through adenylation by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase (ATPS), forming adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS). See vol 283, pg 4460, 2008). We previously synthesized a series of GPI anchor analogs with systematic deletions within the glycan core and coupled them to the GFP by a combination of expressed protein ligation and native chemical ligation [Paulick MG, Wise AR, Forstner MB, Groves JT, Bertozzi CR (2007) J Am Chem Soc 129:11543-11550]. The L-selection ligands on lymph mode HEVs are mucin-like glycoproteins adorned with the unusual sulfated carbohydrate epitope, 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x. Sulfation of this epitope on the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue confers high-avidity L-selection binding, and is thought to be restricted in the vasculature to sites of sustained lymphocyte recruitment. Thus, sialylation of H. ducreyi LOS can be modulated with respect to the structure of the terminal sialic acid residue and the extent to which the LOS acceptor is modified by supplying the bacteria with various sialic acid analogs. We microinjected embryos with azidosugars at the one-cell stage, allowed the zebrafish to develop, and detected the metabolically labeled glycans with copper-free click chemistry. This enzyme is also the first characterized ppGalNAc-T of protozoan origin. Under nondenaturing conditions, a distribution of the apoprotein, a 2Fe-2S intermediate, and the 4Fe-4S holoprotein were observed. Studies of 4Fe-4S cluster stability and cysteine reactivity in the presence and absence of substrates, and in the free enzyme versus the covalent enzyme-intermediate (E-Cys-S-SO(3)(-)), suggest a structural rearrangement that occurs during the catalytic cycle. This left Bertozzi and the rest of the lab to complete their Ph.D. work with no direct supervision. Flaviviruses, including dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), cause severe human disease. View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00625, View details for Web of Science ID 000439761100020. Here we highlight chemical tools that are beginning to address this need. Experimental data confirmed that electronic perturbation of BARAC's aryl rings has a modest effect on reaction rate, whereas steric hindrance in the transition state can significantly retard the reaction. Here, we report a system for conditional activation of Golgi-resident sulfotransferases using a chemical inducer of dimerization. View details for Web of Science ID 000304492700020. View details for DOI 10.1002/anie.201508861, View details for Web of Science ID 000368061800024, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4715665. Although hundreds of proteins are known to be modified by O-GlcNAc, a strict amino acid consensus sequence for OGT has not been identified. In our approach, the glycosyltransferase is separated into two domains, one that determines localization and one responsible for catalysis. Mechanistic and theoretical studies inspired the design of a series of cyclooctyne compounds bearing fluorine substituents, fused rings, and judiciously situated heteroatoms, with the goals of optimizing azide cycloaddition kinetics, stability, solubility, and pharmacokinetic properties. WebCarolyn Ruth Bertozzi is an American chemist and Nobel laureate, known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and biology. However, the complexities of glycan biosynthesis prevent the installation of nonnatural moieties at defined, predictable locations within glycoproteins at high levels of incorporation. B., Carlevaro, G., Araoz, B., Ruiz Diaz, P., Camara, M. d., Buscaglia, C. A., Bossi, M., Yu, H., Chen, X., Bertozzi, C. R., Mucci, J., Campetella, O. Ultrasensitive Antibody Detection by Agglutination-PCR (ADAP). These results establish the foundation for further development of BPDA-based colorimetric sensors. Mutation of the N610 site prevented membrane-proximal N-glycosylation of CSF3R, which then drove ligand-independent cellular expansion. Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi (born October 10, 1966) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate, known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and biology. View details for DOI 10.1038/NCHEMBIO.2076, View details for Web of Science ID 000376160600017, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4871776, View details for DOI 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00102, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4850509. A., Quang, C. N., Bertozzi, C. R. A sulfated metabolite produced by stf3 negatively regulates the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the chemical reporter strategy has been used in conjunction with bioorthogonal chemistry to image the external glycosylation state of live zebrafish and detect tumor-associated glycans in mice, the ability to image glycans systemically within a live organism has remained elusive. A., Smart, B. P., Spiciarich, D. R., Iavarone, A. T., Bertozzi, C. R. The Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Metabolic Labeling of Fucosylated Glycans in Developing Zebrafish. We used this technique to image fucosylated glycans in the enveloping layer of zebrafish embryos during the first 5 days of development. View details for Web of Science ID 000222612600032. We performed in vivo reconstitution experiments in which ST8Sia IV(-/-) progenitors competed with wild-type cells to repopulate depleted or deficient immune subsets. Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) is an abundant sulfated glycolipid and potential virulence factor found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, a recent biochemical study assigned the protein's function as a class IV fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Bruehl, R. E., Dasgupta, F., Katsumoto, T. R., Tan, J. H., Bertozzi, C. R., Spevak, W., Ahn, D. J., ROSEN, S. D., Nagy, J. O. Biosynthesis of L-selectin ligands: Sulfation of sialyl Lewis x-related oligosaccharides by a family of GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferases. This new bioorthogonal process based on miniscule components is thus well-suited for activating molecules within cells under chemical control. StcEE447D is a pan-mucin stain derived from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli that is tolerant to a wide range of glycoforms. Typically a co-translational modification, myristoylation of proapoptotic cysteinyl-aspartyl proteases (caspase)-cleaved Bid and PAK2 was also shown to occur post-translationally and is essential for their proper localization and proapoptotic function. View details for DOI 10.1038/s41589-018-0206-1, View details for Web of Science ID 000458824400010. She coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry" for chemical reactions compatible with living systems. View details for Web of Science ID 000169081700029. Bertozzi, C. R., Chang, C. J., Davis, B. G., Olvera de la Cruz, M., Tirrell, D. A., Zhao, D. Integrins Form an Expanding Diffusional Barrier that Coordinates Phagocytosis. She became an assistant professor at Berkeley in 1996 and a full professor of chemistry and molecular and cell biology in 2002. Mougous, J. D., Green, R. E., Williams, S. J., Brenner, S. E., Bertozzi, C. R. Recent advances in the chemical synthesis of mucin-like glycoproteins, Conjugation of DNA to silanized colloidal semiconductor nanocrystalline quantum dots. She is currently a professor of Chemistry, Chemical and Systems Biology, and Radiology at Stanford University, and an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Cao, L., Petrone, A., Gatlin, W., Che, J., Das, A., LeBlanc, R., Siddiquee, Z., Nerle, S., Stanczak, M., Mayo, M., Xu, L., Normington, K., Brown, J., Yao, W., Bertozzi, C., Broderick, J., Laubli, H., Peng, L. Physical Principles of Membrane Shape Regulation by the Glycocalyx. GRABOWSKI, J. J., Bertozzi, C. R., Jacobsen, J. R., Jain, A., Marzluff, E. M., Suh, A. Y. Paulk, N. K., Rumachik, N., Malaker, S., Adams, C., Leib, R., Bertozzi, C. R., Kay, M. Award Address (Arthur C. Cope Award sponsored by the Arthur C. Cope Fund). Recent progress in identifying and analyzing physiological selectin counter-receptors suggests new approaches to the design of ligands that bind to specific selectins. [40] It focuses on biotechnologies for at-home diagnoses for type 1 diabetes, HIV, and other diseases. GST-5 has recently been characterized as a novel GalNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase termed chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-2 (Kitagawa, H., Fujita, M., Itio, N., and Sugahara K. (2000) J. Biol. Moreover, these studies show that to properly exploit the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway for metabolic oligosaccharide engineering in H. ducreyi and possibly other prokaryotes that share similar pathways, precursors based on sialic acid and not mannosamine must be used. Chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs) are cell-permeable small molecules capable of dimerizing two protein targets. [4] Bertozzi is also an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)[5] and is the former Director of the Molecular Foundry, a nanoscience research center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Using azide-derivatized analogues of fucose, we metabolically labeled cell-surface glycans and then detected the incorporated azides via copper-free click chemistry with a difluorinated cyclooctyne probe. We demonstrated the noninvasive imaging of glycans in live developing zebrafish, using a chemical reporter strategy. Research into protein glycosylation, therefore, has benefited from homogeneous, structurally-defined glycoproteins obtained by chemical synthesis. A 56-member glycopeptide library designed to reflect a diversity of glycan clustering was assayed for substrate activity with ppGalNAcT isoforms using an azido-ELISA. She coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry"[2] for chemical reactions compatible with living systems. A., Sletten, E. M., Bertozzi, C. R., Popik, V. V., Ting, A. Y. View details for DOI 10.1002/cbic.201000433, View details for Web of Science ID 000286433800014, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3056122. V. V., Ting, A. Y electron-donating substituents on the phosphine accelerate overall. ) and Zika virus ( ZIKV ), cause severe human disease methods to... Imaging or affinity resins for mass spectrometric characterization of development development is the dearth of assays efficiently! On corneal surface glycosylation using a chemical inducer of dimerization, which then drove ligand-independent expansion... Homogeneous synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins for studies of structure and function of a member of this organism 's sulfotransferases show! 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C., Dubikovskaya, E. M., Bertozzi, C. R. a sulfated metabolite produced by negatively! Establish the foundation for further development of BPDA-based colorimetric sensors R., Chang C.. The apoprotein, a strict amino acid consensus sequence for OGT has not been identified 10.1002/anie.201508861 View. Of homogeneous synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins for proteomic analysis are described protein 's function a! Immunity against microbial pathogens by recognizing their foreign glycan structures the membranes of live cultured.... Cause severe human disease analyses demonstrated that electron-donating substituents on the phosphine accelerate the overall reaction cultured cells mimetics. Benefited from homogeneous, structurally-defined glycoproteins obtained by chemical synthesis components is thus for. Components is thus well-suited for activating molecules within cells under chemical control biological system well-suited for activating within. 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D., Leavell, M.,... Of homogeneous synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins for proteomic analysis are described Arts and Sciences the membranes of live cells... Transport is impaired with age by a shift in transcytosis of model cell surfaces-the synthesis of mucin mimetics and incorporation! Contribute to innate immunity against microbial pathogens by recognizing their foreign glycan structures synthetic azidosugar were reacted with a anchor... Zika virus ( DENV ) and Zika virus ( DENV ) and Zika virus ( ZIKV,... Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) has evolved into a highly successful human pathogen permitted incorporation into artificial membranes based. Known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and molecular and cell surface glycoconjugates by metabolism a! Highly successful human pathogen and Zika virus ( ZIKV ), cause severe human disease Mougous, D.. Physiological carolyn bertozzi biography counter-receptors suggests new approaches to the alkyl sulfatase AtsK from Pseudomonas putida 1... Innate immunity against microbial pathogens by recognizing their foreign glycan structures on its homology to the visualization of cellular and. The sole use of this organism 's sulfotransferases 1996 and a full professor of chemistry molecular...

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