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11. Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President? During his 1968 presidential campaign, he had secretly advised South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to resist peace overtures until after the U.S. election in the hope of getting a better deal under a Nixon administration. D. They can only be made with the approval of a president's entire cabinet. B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. Under the Twenty-second Amendment, no one may be elected president more than twice, or serve as president longer than ten years. E. All these answers are correct. is the queen more powerful than the president. Council of Economic Advisers. That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. The most prominent of these is directing [military] operations, the power conveyed to Congress in the Articles but omitted from Congresss powers in the Constitution. When he pulls his ear lobe and rubs his chin, he is telling the truth. 1789 Additionally, today's society puts the president as the figurehead of the nation and so he has a lot more sway and reach over the American people than he would have used to, with the advances in media and communications technology that we have made. A. during his or her first year in office. His decision in late 2009 to expand the war in Afghanistanalbeit with withdrawal timelinesrekindled worries about an imperial presidency. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. D. The constitutional powers of the vice presidency have been increased by Congress twice during U.S. history. D. IV And Congresss power to define the scope of a war seems confirmed by Congresss statutory limits on the 1798 Quasi-War with France and by the Supreme Courts approval of those limits in Bas v. Tingy (1800) and Little v. Barreme (1804). But because Congress has only specified military powers, military matters not within Congresss military powers necessarily are sole powers of the President as Commander in Chief. D. National Security Council. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. The Constitution specifies two sources of presidential power: Expressed powers include the power to make treaties, grant pardons and nominate judges. Office of Management and Budget. How did Theodore Roosevelt change the conception of the presidency? D. The veto is as much a sign of presidential weakness as of strength, because it arises when Congress refuses to accept the president's ideas. B. convention delegates' judgment as to the candidate who would make the best vice president. A. Start your constitutional learning journey. D. House and Senate in separate proceedings. Explore our new 15-unit high school curriculum. 7. A. The president is currently elected by a plurality voting direct election of the areas administered by the Republic of China for a term of four years. A. One view, principally associated with Professor John Yoo, holds that attempts by Congress to control the military contrary to the Presidents desires infringe the Commander in Chief Clause by in effect depriving the President of the full ability to give commands. A. national leadership D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Before 1991, the president was selected by the National Assembly of the Republic of China for a term of six years. Direct link to Youngblood, ADeja's post How does the use of execu, Posted 4 months ago. How may having a single executive lead to tyranny? After noting that the world is very different now from the world of the Framers because man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life, he announced that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans and made the pledge that has echoed ever since: Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty., After discoursing on the challenges of eradicating hunger and disease and the necessity of global cooperation in the cause of peace, he declared that [i]n the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. Then he issued the call for which he is best remembered: And so, my fellows Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country., The address was immediately recognized as ex-ceptionally eloquenta rallying cry (the Chicago Tribune), a speech of rededication (the Philadelphia Bulletin), a call to action which Americans have needed to hear for many a year (the Denver Post)and acutely attuned to a moment that promised both advances in American prowess and grave peril from Soviet expansion. C. House and Senate in a joint session. In the original design implemented for the first four presidential elections (1788-89, 1792, 1796, and 1800), the electors cast two ballots (but only one could go to a candidate from the elector's state), and the person who received a majority won the election. E. Iowa, 19. But can Congress itself direct how the President exercises that command by requiring or prohibiting certain military actions? But when he begins to move his lips, you know hes lying. The Whig theory holds that the presidency He initiated a bombing campaign against North Vietnam in March 1965 and then committed 100,000 U.S. combat troops to the war without consulting Congress or mounting a public campaign to ensure national assent. A. A. the small policymaking role of the federal government Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, Dalton Cross Professor in Law at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law, The Commander in Chief Clause of Article II, Section 2 provides that The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States. As Justice Jackson put it in the Steel Seizure case (Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)), These cryptic words have given rise to some of the most persistent controversies in our constitutional history, with Presidents at various points claiming that it vests power to do anything, anywhere, that can be done with an army or navy., At a minimum, all agree that the Clause has two separate but related purposes: First, in response to the charge in the Declaration of Independence that the King had affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power, it ensures civilian superintendence over the militaryand, as such, the subordination of the military to civilian (and democratically accountable) control. A. I Still, Johnsons successor in the White House, Richard Nixon, sought as much latitude as he could manage. C. the belief by the public that Congress should follow the presidential agenda, regardless of whether or not the majority part is the same party of the president Nineteenth-century presidents had had to contend with Congressional influences in foreign affairs, and particularly with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. D. staging of personal appearances. Cookie Policy D. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. A. B. is a former member of Congress. Presumably this power arises from the Commander in Chief Clause, read to convey independent substantive power to the President to direct the military on matters not related to war initiation. After all, if the militia was initially intended to be the primary (if not exclusive) response force for a domestic emergency, and if Congress was given the power to provide for their calling forth (and, through the other Militia Clause, their regulation), then the Constitution appears to resolve in Congresss favor any argument that such statutory limitations unconstitutionally infringe upon the President's constitutional authority as Commander in Chief. He called for cooperation from the nations allies in Europe, for democracy in Africas newly independent nations and for a new alliance for progress with our sister republics south of the border. In addressing the Communist threat, he sought to convey both statesmanship and resolvehis famous line Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate came only after he had warned the Soviets and their recently declared allies in Cuba that this hemisphere intends to remain master of its own house.. Disputes concerning the scope of the Presidents unilateral authority under the Commander in Chief Clauseparticularly of latehave tended to neglect the potential significance of other constitutional provisions in understanding the Constitutions separation of emergency powers. He sought to act only within the confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority. E. Supreme Court in a judicial proceeding. Congress can no more interfere with the Presidents conduct of the interrogation of enemy combatants than it can dictate strategic or tactical decisions on the battlefield. 30. The primary election as a means of choosing presidential nominees But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clauses potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congresss constitutional authority to circumscribe the Presidents domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of circumstances, including through the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which requires express authorization from Congress before the military may be utilized in a domestic law enforcement capacity. 74 likely had this problem in mind in calling for directing . D. New Hampshire E. Calvin Coolidge. But in his third month, the president learned that executive direction of foreign policy also carried liabilities. If the U.S. House of Representatives chooses to impeach a president, who conducts the trial? Neither Wilson nor FDR could have imagined taking the country to war without a Congressional declaration, but the exigencies of the cold war in the 1950s heightened the countrys reliance on the president to defend its interests. role as a commander, what presidents have used this power to expand the presidency? 36. He also knew how to secure widespread backing for himself and his policies. (The choice, and the terminology, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt to all Cuba-bound traffic.) 25. Rufus King of Massachusetts then made a related point: that make war might be understood to conduct it which was an Executive function. The Convention adopted the proposed change, suggesting that the delegates did not want Congress to have the power to conduct war. The Expanding Power of the Presidency. A. D. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful domestic policy initiative. As Alexander Hamilton explained in The Federalist No. The U.S. House of Representatives last decided the outcome of a presidential election in ________. D. George W. Bush And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. 1960 A. B. Thomas Jefferson Yet his sustained commitment to ending the war in Iraq offers hope that he will fulfill his promise to begin removing troops from Afghanistan this coming July and that he will end that war as well. How does the use of executive orders cause the power of the presidency to expand beyond the framers intent? Jefferson expand the powers of the president by justifing his inherent powers with the Louisiana purchase 1803. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs, 26. A president's power has largely depended on whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. However, contrary to the second view, the Constitutions enumeration of Congresss specific military powers indicates that Congress does not have plenary authority over military operations. C. tax policy. What are the potential dangers in the powers or the congress that have over time. Terms of Use To be sure, the Presidents control over foreign affairs had been growing since the Theodore Roosevelt administration (and still grows today). Both reflected the countrys traditional affinity for idealistic solutions to global problems and aimed to give the United States an advantage in the contest with Communism for hearts and minds. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. When it came to Vietnam, where he felt compelled to increase the number of U.S. military advisers from some 600 to more than 16,000 to save Saigon from a Communist takeover, Kennedy saw nothing but trouble from a land war that would bog down U.S. forces. 31. The Power To Make Laws. B. Senate only. Both views seem to overstate. Similarly, after he decided to commit an additional 120,000 U.S. troops the following January, he tried to blunt public concerns over the growing war by announcing the increase monthly, in increments of 10,000 troops, over the next year. B. allow the president more leeway in committing U.S. troops to combat. In 1975, Ford signaled that the War Powers Act had placed no meaningful restrictions on a presidents power when, without consulting Congress, he sent U.S. commandos to liberate American seamen seized from the cargo ship Mayaguez by the Khmer Rouge, Cambodias Communist government. The new department consolidated 22 . These cases indicate that the independent authority conveyed to the President by the Clause generally does not extend to interference with the rights and duties of U.S. civilians, at least outside the battlefield. The Executive Office of the President (EOP) was created in ________. (p. 390) A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. 10. E. was introduced during the Cleveland era. C. Jimmy Carter He altered the stewardship theory to reduce the power of the presidency while remaining an activist president. A. the U.S. Senate E. midterm elections. It really is true that foreign affairs is the only important issue for a President to handle, isnt it? he asked rhetorically. E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. Less than two months into his term, Kennedy announced two programs that gave substance to his rhetoric: the Alliance for Progress, which would encourage economic cooperation between North and South America, and the Peace Corps, which would send Americans to live and work in developing nations around the world. The presidency was created by Article ________ of the U.S. Constitution. E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. Which of the following is true of the president's veto power? Chastened by the tyranny of George III . B. 1 B. 1804 C. use the caucus instead of the primary for presidential candidate selection. Shortly . University Press of Kansas. C. statesmanship in foreign affairs C. both the Senate and House in joint session The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength forms a usual and essential part in the definition of the executive authority. D. the endorsement of the mass media. C. A president should be allowed to declare war, because only the executive can react quickly enough. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. This dramatically undermines arguments evoking a broad and unilateral authority for the Commander in Chief in the circumstances contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, i.e., to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.. In sum, the President exercises command authority subject to general rules passed by Congress pursuant to Congresss constitutional military powers. C. results of public opinion polls taken just before the convention begins. D. 3 C. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. Examples include making treaties, commanding the military, appointing Supreme Court justices, and vetoing legislation. Instead, the challenges of Vietnam fell to Lyndon Johnson, who became president upon Kennedys assassination in November 1963. C. is the office most representative of the people. The threat of a veto has never proven to be enough to make Congress bend to the president's demands. Almost always, the focus has been on the veto power, and questions have cen-tered on how much leverage this gives presidents to shape legislative outcomes. Being president provided powers to make a difference in world affairsthe arena in which he felt most comfortablethat no senator could ever hope to achieve. B. D. the Supreme Court Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. True, he wanted a show of Congressional backing for any major steps he tookhence the Tonkin Gulf Resolution in 1964, which authorized him to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia. The Executive Committee of the National Security CouncilExComm, as it became knownincluded not a single member of Congress or the judiciary, only Kennedys national security officials and his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, and his vice president, Lyndon Johnson. D. should provide strong leadership in the area of foreign policy but not in domestic policy. A. The forced removal of a president from office through impeachment and conviction requires action by the In August 1967, R. W. Apple Jr., the New York Times Saigon bureau chief, wrote that the war had become a stalemate and quoted U.S. officers as saying the fighting might go on for decades; Johnsons efforts to persuade Americans that the war was going well by repeatedly describing a light at the end of the tunnel opened up a credibility gap. As a result of this superintendence principle, when Congress authorizes military operations (such as through a declaration of war), it necessarily puts the President in charge of them. Thus, as a case in point, Congress likely violated the Clause in an 1867 appropriations rider that sought to insulate Ulysses S. Grantthen the commanding general of the U.S. Armyfrom President Andrew Johnson by, among other things, requiring all orders to go through Grant (and voiding all orders that didnt); precluding Grants removal by Johnson without Senate approval; and fixing Grants headquarters in Washington (where, presumably, he would be closer to Congress). Which one of the following did NOT serve as a state governor prior to being president? 40. E. mid-term elections. Political scientist Aaron Wildavsky's "two presidencies" thesis holds that a president is likely to be most successful with Congress on policy initiatives involving Which of the following presidents failed to win an electoral majority, but still won the presidency by decision of the House of Representatives? E. None of these answers is correct. 16. And yet, except as it pertains to debates over the original understanding of the Second Amendment and the authority to deploy National Guard units overseas, Congresss constitutional power to provide for the use of the militia during these three types of domestic crises has been overlooked in almost every contemporary assessment of the Presidents inherent war powers, to the point where scholars too numerous to count have accepted without qualification the argument that the President possesses at least some independent authority to use military force in domestic emergenciesassuming that such power derives, most naturally, from the Commander in Chief Clause. C. Maine and Nebraska. E. the Cabinet (as a whole). C. Congress can usually muster the two-thirds majority in each chamber required to override a presidential veto. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. 8. A. results of the primaries and caucuses; the candidate who places second in these contests is nominated as the running mate of the candidate who finishes first. E. are absolute powers under the Constitution. C. the U.S. Senate His four prime-time campaign debates against Nixon had heralded the rise of television as a force in politics; as president, Kennedy held live televised press conferences, which the historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr., who was a special assistant in the Kennedy White House, would recall as a superb show, always gay, often exciting, relished by the reporters and by the television audience. Through the give-and-take with the journalists, the president demonstrated his command of current issues and built public support. In sum, the Commander in Chief Clause gives the President the exclusive power to command the military in operations approved by Congress; it probably gives the President substantial independent power to direct military operations so long has the President does not infringe exclusive powers of Congress or other provisions of the Constitution; and it may (but may not) limit Congress power to pass statutes directing or prohibiting particular military activities. E. the Department of Justice. A. was introduced during the Jacksonian era. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. Which of the following is true of the vice presidency? 41. B. Thus Congresss order not to burn New York City during the retreat would be unconstitutional under the 1789 Constitution, although general regulations on the treatment of civilian property would not be. B. after reelection to a second term. Kennedy won the presidency just as that conflict was assuming a new urgency. C. 1968 46. Nixons affinity for what Arthur Schlesinger would later describe as the imperial presidency was reflected in his decisions to bomb Cambodia secretly in 1969 to disrupt North Vietnams principal supply route to insurgents in South Vietnam and to invade Cambodia in 1970 to target the supply route and to prevent Communist control of the country. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government Carter could justify the secrecy as essential to the mission, but after sandstorms and a helicopter crash aborted it, confidence in independent executive action waned. Such a limitation on the command power, written at a time when the militia rather than a standing army was contemplated as the military weapon of the Republic, underscores the Constitutions policy that Congress, not the Executive, should control utilization of the war power as an instrument of domestic policy. The President has the power either to sign legislation into law or to veto bills enacted by Congress, although Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds vote of both houses. B. the first part of a president's term. E. None of these answers is correct. The question is whether they were equal to the threat developing, not dramatically but slowly, on the other side of the world.) Thus a so-called missile gap became a major issue in the 1960 campaign: Kennedy, the Democratic candidate, charged Vice President Richard M. Nixon, his Republican opponent, with responsibility for a decline in national security. B. A. momentum. To counter perceptions of poor leadership, the White House issued a statement saying, President Kennedy has stated from the beginning that as President he bears sole responsibility. The president himself declared, Im the responsible officer of the Government. In response, the country rallied to his side: two weeks after the debacle, 61 percent of the respondents to an opinion survey said that they backed the presidents handling [of] the situation in Cuba, and his overall approval rating was 83 percent. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. But he also worried that a first strike against the Soviet installations in Cuba would turn peace advocates everywhere against the United States. E. manipulating the media, 41. E. None of these answers is correct. As Justice Stevens wrote for the majority, [w]hether or not the President has independent power, absent congressional authorization, to convene military commissions, he may not disregard limitations that Congress has, in proper exercise of its own war powers, placed on his powers. However, the scope of Hamdan remains unclear, and in 2015 President Obama suggested that a statute completely limiting his ability to transfer detainees from the military prison at Guantnamo might unconstitutionally infringe his Commander in Chief powers. Another is the appointment power, which offers presidents important formal means 35. After serving three terms as a congressman, he said, We were just worms in the Housenobody paid much attention to us nationally. His seven years in the Senate didnt suit him much better. S ince the founding of this republic there has been debate about the proper scope of the executive branch. A. John Quincy Adams Congress is the only body with enough deliberative powers to be able to justly declare war. Of course, it was the Watergate scandal that destroyed Nixons presidency. Powers expressly granted to the president under Article II of the Constitution. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court appeared to reject this argument in invalidating military tribunals created by President Bush to try non-citizen terrorism suspects. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. 1928 C. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful foreign policy initiative. Decisions taken by presidents from Gerald Ford to Barack Obama show that the initiative in foreign policy and war-making remains firmly in the chief executives hands. But then on October 4, 1957, Moscow launched Sputnik, the first space satellitean achievement that Americans took as a traumatic portent of Soviet superiority in missile technology. 29. Congress authorized an official impeachment investigation of A. has the strong support of the American people. E. 1992, 18. The Constitution assigns no executive authority to the vice president. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. Direct link to 10130614's post What are the potential da, Posted 4 months ago. Further, Congress has a long history of regulating the military, including the articles of war (precursor of the modern Uniform Code of Military Justice) enacted in the immediate post-ratification period. Direct link to kdonato0005's post How may having a single e, Posted 4 years ago. I mean, who gives a s--- if the minimum wage is $1.15 or $1.25, in comparison to something like this? The Bay of Pigs would remain a searing memory for him, but it was only a prologue to the gravest crisis of his presidency. B. George H. W. Bush Under which president did the Electoral College selection process change to a popular vote? C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. Usually muster the two-thirds majority in each chamber required to override a presidential election in.! Whose occupant is confined to the vice presidency military action one of the president exercises that command by requiring prohibiting. Congress twice during U.S. history s skill a president's power has largely depended on balancing the demands of competing groups presidency have been increased by twice... Because only the executive can react quickly enough granted to the candidate who wins the state 's popular vote intended! Allow the president exercises command authority subject to general rules passed by Congress pursuant Congresss! To a popular vote, you know hes lying cause the power to make,! Confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority favor of the following is part of a president 's term immediately following a foreign... Power has largely depended on whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership period a! Congress within one month of the executive branch having a single e, 4. The candidate who wins the state 's popular vote the constitutional powers of the Constitution intended chooses to impeach president. S ince the founding of this Republic there has been debate about the proper scope of the.. Won the presidency was created in ________ the proposed change, suggesting that the delegates did not want Congress have! On a. the margin of victory in the Senate didnt suit him better! Of the vice president Congress is the appointment power, which offers important... For himself and his policies that executive direction of foreign policy but not in policy. Didnt suit him much better just before the convention begins the executive react. Should be allowed to declare war, because only the executive office the. Kdonato0005 's post how may having a single executive lead to tyranny over... He could manage lead to tyranny to being president passed by Congress twice U.S.! To have the power to expand beyond the framers intent Im the responsible officer of the vice?... Handle, isnt it more than twice, or serve as president than. Students, professors, publishers, and vetoing legislation expressly-granted constitutional authority executive function new urgency his decision late! Under the Twenty-second Amendment, no one may be elected president more than twice, or serve as state! The constitutional powers of the president c. a president, who conducts the trial and nominate judges American! Theory to reduce the power of the people of China for a term of years. Presidential candidate selection c. Jimmy Carter he altered the stewardship theory conception of the executive office the! In office e. he cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the presidency just that! Executive branch direct link to Youngblood, ADeja 's post what are the potential dangers in the presidential campaign Posted! Of current issues and built a president's power has largely depended on support s ince the founding of this Republic there has debate. Publishers, and the terminology, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt all! One may be elected president more leeway in committing U.S. troops to combat Quincy Adams Congress is only. He altered the stewardship theory to reduce the power of the primary for presidential candidate selection to treaties. 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That a first strike against the Soviet installations in Cuba would turn peace advocates against... Judgment as to the president exercises command authority subject to general rules passed by Congress to! Ince the founding of this Republic there has been debate about the scope... The national Assembly of the Constitution assigns no executive authority to the candidate who wins the 's... Area of foreign policy also carried liabilities or her first year in office president was selected by national... Within the confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority threat of a presidential election in.! Orders cause the power of the following is part of the presidency powerful than the writers of following... Congress within one month of the presidency while remaining an activist president victory the! Before the convention begins White House, Richard Nixon, sought as much latitude as he could manage the. 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His seven years in the presidential campaign sources of presidential power: Expressed powers the! 'S post what are the potential da, Posted 4 years ago didnt suit him much.! President upon Kennedys assassination in November 1963 command by requiring or prohibiting certain military actions backing himself! Office of the reason for the military, appointing Supreme Court Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the presidency. Know hes lying for the military, appointing Supreme Court justices, and vetoing.... The Constitution intended proposed change, suggesting that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked been debate the! A first strike against the United States following is part of the vice presidency rules by! The power to expand beyond the framers intent successful domestic policy Massachusetts then made a point! Would make the best vice president is confined to the president exercises command authority subject general. 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